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Ionotropic glutamate receptors and excitotoxicity
Skřenková, Kristýna ; Vyklický, Ladislav (advisor) ; Moravec, Jan (referee)
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and its excitatory role is mediated trough activation of glutamatergic ionotropic receptors which are responsible for synaptic transmission and play an important role in learning and memory formation. However, excessive exposure to glutamate can result in excitotoxicity which may lead to cell death. The following text is focused on one group of glutamate receptors - NMDA receptors. The study of the receptors is in the centre of current neurobiology research because there is a series of experimental and clinical evidences that they directly participate in the development of serious diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and may cause neuronal damage in trauma, hypoxia and embolia. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to give a brief overview of current knowledge about the structure and function of NMDA receptors and mechanisms of their activation which leads to excitotoxicity and related neuroprotection.
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Molecular mechanisms of the glycinergic signalization in the central nervous system
Melichar, Adolf ; Králíková, Michaela (advisor) ; Ladislav, Marek (referee)
The amino acid neurotransmitter glycine, which mediates the inhibitory transmission and regulates the excitatory signalization, is found in many regions of the central nervous system. It is produced especially the spinal cord and the brainstem, where glycine activates the presynaptic and postsynaptic Gly receptors (GlyR). In other regions of the brain, glycine is released in the area of occurrence of NMDA receptors (NMDAR), which it activates together with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. The binding of the glycine leads to the opening of the channel of these ionotropic receptors and thus also to a change in the electrochemical properties of the membrane, such as permeability for Ca2+ ions, membrane potential and shunting. The expression of different subunits of NMDAR and GlyR is specific in terms of location and time, which enables various responses to the presence of glycine in the synaptic cleft and its surroundings. The concentration of glycine in synaptic cleft and glycinergic terminals is controlled especially by glycine transporters (GLYT), that are found in two functionally different types. The destabilisation of the equilibrium and signal mechanisms of glycine may lead to serious diseases such as hyperekplexia that can be caused by mutations in the glycine receptors and...
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Ionotropic glutamate receptors and excitotoxicity
Skřenková, Kristýna ; Vyklický, Ladislav (advisor) ; Moravec, Jan (referee)
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and its excitatory role is mediated trough activation of glutamatergic ionotropic receptors which are responsible for synaptic transmission and play an important role in learning and memory formation. However, excessive exposure to glutamate can result in excitotoxicity which may lead to cell death. The following text is focused on one group of glutamate receptors - NMDA receptors. The study of the receptors is in the centre of current neurobiology research because there is a series of experimental and clinical evidences that they directly participate in the development of serious diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and may cause neuronal damage in trauma, hypoxia and embolia. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to give a brief overview of current knowledge about the structure and function of NMDA receptors and mechanisms of their activation which leads to excitotoxicity and related neuroprotection.
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